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Feminist archaeology
Feminist archaeology employs a feminist perspective in interpreting past societies. It often focuses on gender, but also considers gender in tandem with other factors, such as sexuality, race, or class. Feminist archaeology has critiqued the uncritical application of modern, Western norms and values to past societies. It is additionally concerned with switching a perceived androcentric bias in the structuring disciplinary norms of archaeology with a gynocentric bias within the profession.
==Emergence of feminist archaeology==
Feminist archaeology initially emerged in the late 1970s and early 80s, along with other objections to the epistemology espoused by the processual school of archaeological thought, such as symbolic and hermeneutic archaeologies. Margaret Conkey and Janet Spector’s 1984 paper ''Archaeology and the Study of Gender'' summed up the feminist critique of the discipline at that time: that archaeologists were unproblematically overlaying modern-day, Western gender norms onto past societies, for example in the sexual division of labor; that contexts and artifacts attributed to the activities of men, such as projectile point production and butchering at kill sites, were prioritized in research time and funding; and that the very character of the discipline was constructed around masculine values and norms. For example, women were generally encouraged to pursue laboratory studies instead of fieldwork (although there were exceptions throughout the history of the discipline)〔Hays-Gilpin, 2000:92. Feminist Scholarship in Archaeology. ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 571:89-106.〕 and the image of the archaeologist was centered on the rugged, masculine, “cowboy of science”.〔Gero, 1985:342. Sociopolitics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology. ''American Antiquity'' 50:342-50〕 In 1991, two publications marked the emergence of feminist archaeology on a large scale: the edited volume ''Engendering Archaeology'',〔(1991, ed. Joan Gero and Margaret Conkey)〕 which focused on women in prehistory, and a thematic issue of the journal ''Historical Archaeology'',〔(1991 Vol. 25 No. 4)〕 which focused on women and gender in post-Columbian America. Outside the Americas, feminist archaeology enjoyed an earlier emergence and greater support among the greater archaeological community.
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